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RESTful Web Services with Spring and Spring Boot

Basics of RESTful Services

  • Step 01 - Initializing a RESTful Services Project with Spring Boot
  • Step 02 - Understanding the RESTful Services we would create in this course
  • Step 03 - Creating a Hello World Service
  • Step 04 - Enhancing the Hello World Service to return a Bean
  • Step 05 - Quick Review of Spring Boot Auto Configuration and Dispatcher Servlet - What's happening in the background?
  • Step 06 - Enhancing the Hello World Service with a Path Variable
  • Step 07 - Creating User Bean and User Service
  • Step 08 - Implementing GET Methods for User Resource
  • Step 09 - Implementing POST Method to create User Resource
  • Step 10 - Enhancing POST Method to return correct HTTP Status Code and Location URI
  • Step 11 - Implementing Exception Handling - 404 Resource Not Found
  • Step 12 - Implementing Generic Exception Handling for all Resources
  • Step 13 - Exercise : User Post Resource and Exception Handling
  • Step 14 - Implementing DELETE Method to delete a User Resource
  • Step 15 - Implementing Validations for RESTful Services
  • Step 16 - Implementing HATEOAS for RESTful Services

Advanced RESTful Service Features

  • Step 17 - Overview of Advanced RESTful Service Features
  • Step 18 - Internationalization for RESTful Services
  • Step 19 - Content Negotiation - Implementing Support for XML
  • Step 20 - Configuring Auto Generation of Swagger Documentation
  • Step 21 - Introduction to Swagger Documentation Format
  • Step 22 - Enhancing Swagger Documentation with Custom Annotations
  • Step 23 - Monitoring APIs with Spring Boot Actuator
  • Step 24 - Implementing Static Filtering for RESTful Service
  • Step 25 - Implementing Dynamic Filtering for RESTful Service
  • Step 26 - Versioning RESTful Services - Basic Approach with URIs
  • Step 27 - Versioning RESTful Services - Header and Content Negotiation Approaches
  • Step 28 - Implementing Basic Authentication with Spring Security

Connecting RESTful Service to JPA

  • Step 29 - Overview of Connecting RESTful Service to JPA
  • Step 30 - Creating User Entity and some test data
  • Step 31 - Updating GET methods on User Resource to use JPA
  • Step 32 - Updating POST and DELETE methods on User Resource to use JPA
  • Step 33 - Creating Post Entity and Many to One Relationship with User Entity
  • Step 34 - Implementing a GET service to retrieve all Posts of a User
  • Step 35 - Implementing a POST service to create a Post for a User

What You Will Need?

We will help you install

  • Java 8
  • Eclipse
  • Maven
  • Embedded Tomcat
  • Postman REST Services Client

Useful Links

Rest API for USER AND POST

Table Structure

create table user (
id integer not null, 
birth_date timestamp, 
name varchar(255), 
primary key (id)
);

create table post (
id integer not null, 
description varchar(255), 
user_id integer, 
primary key (id)
);

alter table post 
add constraint post_to_user_foreign_key
foreign key (user_id) references user;

Example Requests

GET http://localhost:8080/users

[
    {
        "id": 1,
        "name": "Adam",
        "birthDate": "2017-07-19T04:40:20.796+0000"
    },
    {
        "id": 2,
        "name": "Eve",
        "birthDate": "2017-07-19T04:40:20.796+0000"
    },
    {
        "id": 3,
        "name": "Jack",
        "birthDate": "2017-07-19T04:40:20.796+0000"
    }
]

GET http://localhost:8080/users/1

{
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Adam",
    "birthDate": "2017-07-19T04:40:20.796+0000"
}

POST http://localhost:8080/users

{
    "name": "Ranga",
    "birthDate": "2000-07-19T04:29:24.054+0000"
}

GET http://localhost:8080/users/1000

  • Get request to a non existing resource.
  • The response shows default error message structure auto configured by Spring Boot.
{
    "timestamp": "2017-07-19T05:28:37.534+0000",
    "status": 404,
    "error": "Not Found",
    "message": "id-500",
    "path": "/users/500"
}

GET http://localhost:8080/users/1000

  • Get request to a non existing resource.
  • The response shows a Customized Message Structure
{
    "timestamp": "2017-07-19T05:31:01.961+0000",
    "message": "id-500",
    "details": "Any details you would want to add"
}

POST http://localhost:8080/users with Validation Errors

Request

{
    "name": "R",
    "birthDate": "2000-07-19T04:29:24.054+0000"
}

Response - 400 Bad Request

{
    "timestamp": "2017-07-19T09:00:27.912+0000",
    "message": "Validation Failed",
    "details": "org.springframework.validation.BeanPropertyBindingResult: 1 errors\nField error in object 'user' on field 'name': rejected value [R]; codes [Size.user.name,Size.name,Size.java.lang.String,Size]; arguments [org.springframework.context.support.DefaultMessageSourceResolvable: codes [user.name,name]; arguments []; default message [name],2147483647,2]; default message [Name should have atleast 2 characters]"
}

GET http://localhost:8080/users/1 with HATEOAS

{
    "id": 1,
    "name": "Adam",
    "birthDate": "2017-07-19T09:26:18.337+0000",
    "_links": {
        "all-users": {
            "href": "http://localhost:8080/users"
        }
    }
}

XML Representation of Resources

GET http://localhost:8080/users

  • Accept application/xml
<List>
    <item>
        <id>2</id>
        <name>Eve</name>
        <birthDate>2017-07-19T10:25:20.450+0000</birthDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <id>3</id>
        <name>Jack</name>
        <birthDate>2017-07-19T10:25:20.450+0000</birthDate>
    </item>
    <item>
        <id>4</id>
        <name>Ranga</name>
        <birthDate>2017-07-19T10:25:20.450+0000</birthDate>
    </item>
</List>

POST http://localhost:8080/users

  • Accept : application/xml
  • Content-Type : application/xml
Request
<item>
        <name>Ranga</name>
        <birthDate>2017-07-19T10:25:20.450+0000</birthDate>
</item>
Response
  • Status - 201 Created

Versioning

  • Media type versioning (a.k.a “content negotiation” or “accept header”)
    • GitHub
  • (Custom) headers versioning
    • Microsoft
  • URI Versioning
    • Twitter
  • Request Parameter versioning
    • Amazon
  • Factors
  • URI Pollution
  • Misuse of HTTP Headers
  • Caching
  • Can we execute the request on the browser?
  • API Documentation
  • No Perfect Solution

More

Resources and URI Mappings

  • Retrieve all Users - GET /users

  • Create a User - POST /users

  • Retrieve one User - GET /users/{id} -> /users/1

  • Delete a User - DELETE /users/{id} -> /users/1

  • Retrieve all posts for a User - GET /users/{id}/posts

  • Create a posts for a User - POST /users/{id}/posts

  • Retrieve details of a post - GET /users/{id}/posts/{post_id}

Complete Code Example

/pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
	xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
	<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

	<groupId>com.in28minutes.rest.webservices</groupId>
	<artifactId>restful-web-services</artifactId>
	<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
	<packaging>jar</packaging>

	<name>restful-web-services</name>
	<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>

	<parent>
		<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
		<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
		<version>2.0.0.RELEASE</version>
		<relativePath /> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
	</parent>

	<properties>
		<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
		<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
		<java.version>1.8</java.version>
	</properties>

	<dependencies>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<!--<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
		</dependency>-->

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.data</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-data-rest-hal-browser</artifactId>
		</dependency>


		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-hateoas</artifactId>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat</groupId>
			<artifactId>jackson-dataformat-xml</artifactId>
		</dependency>
		
		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger2</artifactId>
			<version>2.4.0</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>io.springfox</groupId>
			<artifactId>springfox-swagger-ui</artifactId>
			<version>2.4.0</version>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
			<scope>runtime</scope>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
			<artifactId>h2</artifactId>
			<scope>runtime</scope>
		</dependency>

		<dependency>
			<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
			<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
			<scope>test</scope>
		</dependency>
	</dependencies>

	<build>
		<plugins>
			<plugin>
				<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
				<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
			</plugin>
		</plugins>
	</build>

	<repositories>
		<repository>
			<id>spring-snapshots</id>
			<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
			<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>true</enabled>
			</snapshots>
		</repository>
		<repository>
			<id>spring-milestones</id>
			<name>Spring Milestones</name>
			<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>false</enabled>
			</snapshots>
		</repository>
	</repositories>

	<pluginRepositories>
		<pluginRepository>
			<id>spring-snapshots</id>
			<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
			<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>true</enabled>
			</snapshots>
		</pluginRepository>
		<pluginRepository>
			<id>spring-milestones</id>
			<name>Spring Milestones</name>
			<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
			<snapshots>
				<enabled>false</enabled>
			</snapshots>
		</pluginRepository>
	</pluginRepositories>


</project>

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/exception/CustomizedResponseEntityExceptionHandler.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.exception;

import java.util.Date;

import org.springframework.http.HttpHeaders;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.MethodArgumentNotValidException;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ControllerAdvice;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ExceptionHandler;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.context.request.WebRequest;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ResponseEntityExceptionHandler;

import com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user.UserNotFoundException;

@ControllerAdvice
@RestController
public class CustomizedResponseEntityExceptionHandler extends ResponseEntityExceptionHandler {

	@ExceptionHandler(Exception.class)
	public final ResponseEntity<Object> handleAllExceptions(Exception ex, WebRequest request) {
		ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse = new ExceptionResponse(new Date(), ex.getMessage(),
				request.getDescription(false));
		return new ResponseEntity(exceptionResponse, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR);
	}

	@ExceptionHandler(UserNotFoundException.class)
	public final ResponseEntity<Object> handleUserNotFoundException(UserNotFoundException ex, WebRequest request) {
		ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse = new ExceptionResponse(new Date(), ex.getMessage(),
				request.getDescription(false));
		return new ResponseEntity(exceptionResponse, HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND);
	}
	
	@Override
	protected ResponseEntity<Object> handleMethodArgumentNotValid(MethodArgumentNotValidException ex,
			HttpHeaders headers, HttpStatus status, WebRequest request) {
		ExceptionResponse exceptionResponse = new ExceptionResponse(new Date(), "Validation Failed",
				ex.getBindingResult().toString());
		return new ResponseEntity(exceptionResponse, HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST);
	}	
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/exception/ExceptionResponse.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.exception;

import java.util.Date;

public class ExceptionResponse {
	private Date timestamp;
	private String message;
	private String details;

	public ExceptionResponse(Date timestamp, String message, String details) {
		super();
		this.timestamp = timestamp;
		this.message = message;
		this.details = details;
	}

	public Date getTimestamp() {
		return timestamp;
	}

	public String getMessage() {
		return message;
	}

	public String getDetails() {
		return details;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/filtering/FilteringController.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.filtering;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.http.converter.json.MappingJacksonValue;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.FilterProvider;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.impl.SimpleBeanPropertyFilter;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.impl.SimpleFilterProvider;

@RestController
public class FilteringController {

	// field1,field2
	@GetMapping("/filtering")
	public MappingJacksonValue retrieveSomeBean() {
		SomeBean someBean = new SomeBean("value1", "value2", "value3");

		SimpleBeanPropertyFilter filter = SimpleBeanPropertyFilter.filterOutAllExcept("field1", "field2");

		FilterProvider filters = new SimpleFilterProvider().addFilter("SomeBeanFilter", filter);

		MappingJacksonValue mapping = new MappingJacksonValue(someBean);

		mapping.setFilters(filters);

		return mapping;
	}

	// field2, field3
	@GetMapping("/filtering-list")
	public MappingJacksonValue retrieveListOfSomeBeans() {
		List<SomeBean> list = Arrays.asList(new SomeBean("value1", "value2", "value3"),
				new SomeBean("value12", "value22", "value32"));

		SimpleBeanPropertyFilter filter = SimpleBeanPropertyFilter.filterOutAllExcept("field2", "field3");

		FilterProvider filters = new SimpleFilterProvider().addFilter("SomeBeanFilter", filter);

		MappingJacksonValue mapping = new MappingJacksonValue(list);

		mapping.setFilters(filters);

		return mapping;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/filtering/SomeBean.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.filtering;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonFilter;

@JsonFilter("SomeBeanFilter")
public class SomeBean {
	
	private String field1;
	
	private String field2;
	
	private String field3;

	public SomeBean(String field1, String field2, String field3) {
		super();
		this.field1 = field1;
		this.field2 = field2;
		this.field3 = field3;
	}

	public String getField1() {
		return field1;
	}

	public void setField1(String field1) {
		this.field1 = field1;
	}

	public String getField2() {
		return field2;
	}

	public void setField2(String field2) {
		this.field2 = field2;
	}

	public String getField3() {
		return field3;
	}

	public void setField3(String field3) {
		this.field3 = field3;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/helloworld/HelloWorldBean.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.helloworld;

public class HelloWorldBean {

	private String message;

	public HelloWorldBean(String message) {
		this.message = message;
	}

	public String getMessage() {
		return message;
	}

	public void setMessage(String message) {
		this.message = message;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return String.format("HelloWorldBean [message=%s]", message);
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/helloworld/HelloWorldController.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.helloworld;

import java.util.Locale;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.MessageSource;
import org.springframework.context.i18n.LocaleContextHolder;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestHeader;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

//Controller
@RestController
public class HelloWorldController {
	
	@Autowired
	private MessageSource messageSource; 

	@GetMapping(path = "/hello-world")
	public String helloWorld() {
		return "Hello World";
	}

	@GetMapping(path = "/hello-world-bean")
	public HelloWorldBean helloWorldBean() {
		return new HelloWorldBean("Hello World");
	}
	
	///hello-world/path-variable/in28minutes
	@GetMapping(path = "/hello-world/path-variable/{name}")
	public HelloWorldBean helloWorldPathVariable(@PathVariable String name) {
		return new HelloWorldBean(String.format("Hello World, %s", name));
	}

	@GetMapping(path = "/hello-world-internationalized")
	public String helloWorldInternationalized() {
		return messageSource.getMessage("good.morning.message", null, 
									LocaleContextHolder.getLocale());
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/RestfulWebServicesApplication.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices;

import java.util.Locale;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.LocaleResolver;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver;

@SpringBootApplication
public class RestfulWebServicesApplication {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		SpringApplication.run(RestfulWebServicesApplication.class, args);
	}
	
	@Bean
	public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {
		AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver localeResolver = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();
		localeResolver.setDefaultLocale(Locale.US);
		return localeResolver;
	}
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/SwaggerConfig.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;

import springfox.documentation.service.ApiInfo;
import springfox.documentation.service.Contact;
import springfox.documentation.spi.DocumentationType;
import springfox.documentation.spring.web.plugins.Docket;
import springfox.documentation.swagger2.annotations.EnableSwagger2;

@Configuration
@EnableSwagger2
public class SwaggerConfig {

	public static final Contact DEFAULT_CONTACT = new Contact(
			"Ranga Karanam", "http://www.in28minutes.com", "[email protected]");
	
	public static final ApiInfo DEFAULT_API_INFO = new ApiInfo(
			"Awesome API Title", "Awesome API Description", "1.0",
			"urn:tos", DEFAULT_CONTACT, 
			"Apache 2.0", "http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0");

	private static final Set<String> DEFAULT_PRODUCES_AND_CONSUMES = 
			new HashSet<String>(Arrays.asList("application/json",
					"application/xml"));

	@Bean
	public Docket api() {
		return new Docket(DocumentationType.SWAGGER_2)
				.apiInfo(DEFAULT_API_INFO)
				.produces(DEFAULT_PRODUCES_AND_CONSUMES)
				.consumes(DEFAULT_PRODUCES_AND_CONSUMES);
	}
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/Post.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.FetchType;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.ManyToOne;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonIgnore;

@Entity
public class Post {
	
	@Id
	@GeneratedValue
	private Integer id;
	private String description;
	
	@ManyToOne(fetch=FetchType.LAZY)
	@JsonIgnore
	private User user;
	
	public Integer getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(Integer id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getDescription() {
		return description;
	}

	public void setDescription(String description) {
		this.description = description;
	}

	public User getUser() {
		return user;
	}

	public void setUser(User user) {
		this.user = user;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return String.format("Post [id=%s, description=%s]", id, description);
	}
	
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/PostRepository.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public interface PostRepository extends JpaRepository<Post, Integer>{

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/User.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.List;

import javax.persistence.Entity;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.OneToMany;
import javax.validation.constraints.Past;
import javax.validation.constraints.Size;

import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModel;
import io.swagger.annotations.ApiModelProperty;

@ApiModel(description="All details about the user.")
@Entity
public class User {

	@Id
	@GeneratedValue
	private Integer id;

	@Size(min=2, message="Name should have atleast 2 characters")
	@ApiModelProperty(notes="Name should have atleast 2 characters")
	private String name;

	@Past
	@ApiModelProperty(notes="Birth date should be in the past")
	private Date birthDate;
	
	@OneToMany(mappedBy="user")
	private List<Post> posts;

	protected User() {

	}

	public User(Integer id, String name, Date birthDate) {
		super();
		this.id = id;
		this.name = name;
		this.birthDate = birthDate;
	}

	public Integer getId() {
		return id;
	}

	public void setId(Integer id) {
		this.id = id;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	public Date getBirthDate() {
		return birthDate;
	}

	public void setBirthDate(Date birthDate) {
		this.birthDate = birthDate;
	}

	public List<Post> getPosts() {
		return posts;
	}

	public void setPosts(List<Post> posts) {
		this.posts = posts;
	}

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return String.format("User [id=%s, name=%s, birthDate=%s]", id, name, birthDate);
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/UserDaoService.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

@Component
public class UserDaoService {
	
	private static List<User> users = new ArrayList<>();

	private static int usersCount = 3;

	static {
		users.add(new User(1, "Adam", new Date()));
		users.add(new User(2, "Eve", new Date()));
		users.add(new User(3, "Jack", new Date()));
	}

	public List<User> findAll() {
		return users;
	}

	public User save(User user) {
		if (user.getId() == null) {
			user.setId(++usersCount);
		}
		users.add(user);
		return user;
	}

	public User findOne(int id) {
		for (User user : users) {
			if (user.getId() == id) {
				return user;
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

	public User deleteById(int id) {
		Iterator<User> iterator = users.iterator();
		while (iterator.hasNext()) {
			User user = iterator.next();
			if (user.getId() == id) {
				iterator.remove();
				return user;
			}
		}
		return null;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/UserJPAResource.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.linkTo;
import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.methodOn;

import java.net.URI;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

import javax.validation.Valid;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.hateoas.Resource;
import org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.ServletUriComponentsBuilder;

@RestController
public class UserJPAResource {

	@Autowired
	private UserRepository userRepository;
	
	@Autowired
	private PostRepository postRepository;

	@GetMapping("/jpa/users")
	public List<User> retrieveAllUsers() {
		return userRepository.findAll();
	}

	@GetMapping("/jpa/users/{id}")
	public Resource<User> retrieveUser(@PathVariable int id) {
		Optional<User> user = userRepository.findById(id);

		if (!user.isPresent())
			throw new UserNotFoundException("id-" + id);

		// "all-users", SERVER_PATH + "/users"
		// retrieveAllUsers
		Resource<User> resource = new Resource<User>(user.get());

		ControllerLinkBuilder linkTo = linkTo(methodOn(this.getClass()).retrieveAllUsers());

		resource.add(linkTo.withRel("all-users"));

		// HATEOAS

		return resource;
	}

	@DeleteMapping("/jpa/users/{id}")
	public void deleteUser(@PathVariable int id) {
		userRepository.deleteById(id);
	}

	//
	// input - details of user
	// output - CREATED & Return the created URI

	// HATEOAS

	@PostMapping("/jpa/users")
	public ResponseEntity<Object> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {
		User savedUser = userRepository.save(user);

		URI location = ServletUriComponentsBuilder.fromCurrentRequest().path("/{id}").buildAndExpand(savedUser.getId())
				.toUri();

		return ResponseEntity.created(location).build();

	}
	
	@GetMapping("/jpa/users/{id}/posts")
	public List<Post> retrieveAllUsers(@PathVariable int id) {
		Optional<User> userOptional = userRepository.findById(id);
		
		if(!userOptional.isPresent()) {
			throw new UserNotFoundException("id-" + id);
		}
		
		return userOptional.get().getPosts();
	}


	@PostMapping("/jpa/users/{id}/posts")
	public ResponseEntity<Object> createPost(@PathVariable int id, @RequestBody Post post) {
		
		Optional<User> userOptional = userRepository.findById(id);
		
		if(!userOptional.isPresent()) {
			throw new UserNotFoundException("id-" + id);
		}

		User user = userOptional.get();
		
		post.setUser(user);
		
		postRepository.save(post);
		
		URI location = ServletUriComponentsBuilder.fromCurrentRequest().path("/{id}").buildAndExpand(post.getId())
				.toUri();

		return ResponseEntity.created(location).build();

	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/UserNotFoundException.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;

@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.NOT_FOUND)
public class UserNotFoundException extends RuntimeException {
	public UserNotFoundException(String message) {
		super(message);
	}
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/UserRepository.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;

@Repository
public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Integer>{

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/user/UserResource.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.user;

import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.linkTo;
import static org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder.methodOn;

import java.net.URI;
import java.util.List;

import javax.validation.Valid;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.hateoas.Resource;
import org.springframework.hateoas.mvc.ControllerLinkBuilder;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.DeleteMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.support.ServletUriComponentsBuilder;

@RestController
public class UserResource {

	@Autowired
	private UserDaoService service;

	@GetMapping("/users")
	public List<User> retrieveAllUsers() {
		return service.findAll();
	}

	@GetMapping("/users/{id}")
	public Resource<User> retrieveUser(@PathVariable int id) {
		User user = service.findOne(id);
		
		if(user==null)
			throw new UserNotFoundException("id-"+ id);
		
		
		//"all-users", SERVER_PATH + "/users"
		//retrieveAllUsers
		Resource<User> resource = new Resource<User>(user);
		
		ControllerLinkBuilder linkTo = 
				linkTo(methodOn(this.getClass()).retrieveAllUsers());
		
		resource.add(linkTo.withRel("all-users"));
		
		//HATEOAS
		
		return resource;
	}

	@DeleteMapping("/users/{id}")
	public void deleteUser(@PathVariable int id) {
		User user = service.deleteById(id);
		
		if(user==null)
			throw new UserNotFoundException("id-"+ id);		
	}

	//
	// input - details of user
	// output - CREATED & Return the created URI
	
	//HATEOAS
	
	@PostMapping("/users")
	public ResponseEntity<Object> createUser(@Valid @RequestBody User user) {
		User savedUser = service.save(user);
		// CREATED
		// /user/{id}     savedUser.getId()
		
		URI location = ServletUriComponentsBuilder
			.fromCurrentRequest()
			.path("/{id}")
			.buildAndExpand(savedUser.getId()).toUri();
		
		return ResponseEntity.created(location).build();
		
	}
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/versioning/Name.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.versioning;

public class Name {
	private String firstName;
	private String lastName;

	public Name() {
	}

	public Name(String firstName, String lastName) {
		super();
		this.firstName = firstName;
		this.lastName = lastName;
	}

	public String getFirstName() {
		return firstName;
	}

	public void setFirstName(String firstName) {
		this.firstName = firstName;
	}

	public String getLastName() {
		return lastName;
	}

	public void setLastName(String lastName) {
		this.lastName = lastName;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/versioning/PersonV1.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.versioning;

public class PersonV1 {
	private String name;

	public PersonV1() {
		super();
	}
	
	public PersonV1(String name) {
		super();
		this.name = name;
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(String name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

	
}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/versioning/PersonV2.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.versioning;

public class PersonV2 {
	private Name name;

	public PersonV2() {
		super();
	}

	public PersonV2(Name name) {
		super();
		this.name = name;
	}

	public Name getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public void setName(Name name) {
		this.name = name;
	}

}

/src/main/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/versioning/PersonVersioningController.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices.versioning;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

@RestController
public class PersonVersioningController {

	@GetMapping("v1/person")
	public PersonV1 personV1() {
		return new PersonV1("Bob Charlie");
	}

	@GetMapping("v2/person")
	public PersonV2 personV2() {
		return new PersonV2(new Name("Bob", "Charlie"));
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/param", params = "version=1")
	public PersonV1 paramV1() {
		return new PersonV1("Bob Charlie");
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/param", params = "version=2")
	public PersonV2 paramV2() {
		return new PersonV2(new Name("Bob", "Charlie"));
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/header", headers = "X-API-VERSION=1")
	public PersonV1 headerV1() {
		return new PersonV1("Bob Charlie");
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/header", headers = "X-API-VERSION=2")
	public PersonV2 headerV2() {
		return new PersonV2(new Name("Bob", "Charlie"));
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/produces", produces = "application/vnd.company.app-v1+json")
	public PersonV1 producesV1() {
		return new PersonV1("Bob Charlie");
	}

	@GetMapping(value = "/person/produces", produces = "application/vnd.company.app-v2+json")
	public PersonV2 producesV2() {
		return new PersonV2(new Name("Bob", "Charlie"));
	}

}

/src/main/resources/application.properties

logging.level.org.springframework = info
#This is not really needed as this is the default after 2.0.0.RELEASE
spring.jackson.serialization.write-dates-as-timestamps=false
spring.messages.basename=messages
management.endpoints.web.exposure.include=*
spring.security.user.name=username
spring.security.user.password=password
spring.jpa.show-sql=true
spring.h2.console.enabled=true

/src/main/resources/data.sql

insert into user values(10001, sysdate(), 'AB');
insert into user values(10002, sysdate(), 'Jill');
insert into user values(10003, sysdate(), 'Jam');
insert into post values(11001, 'My First Post', 10001);
insert into post values(11002, 'My Second Post', 10001);

/src/main/resources/messages.properties

good.morning.message=Good Morning

/src/main/resources/messages_fr.properties

good.morning.message=Bonjour

/src/main/resources/messages_nl.properties

good.morning.message=Goede Morgen

/src/test/java/com/in28minutes/rest/webservices/restfulwebservices/RestfulWebServicesApplicationTests.java

package com.in28minutes.rest.webservices.restfulwebservices;

import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;

@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class RestfulWebServicesApplicationTests {

	@Test
	public void contextLoads() {
	}

}

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