[BugFix] catch TransactionState afterStateTransform exception after commit (backport #55738)

[starrocks-xupeng]

Why I'm doing:

What I'm doing:

partition's nextVersion will not be properly set if afterStateTransform(TransactionStatus.COMMITTED) throws exception, which will lead to 2 txns share the same version

What type of PR is this:

• BugFix
• Feature
• Enhancement
• Refactor
• UT
• Doc
• Tool

Does this PR entail a change in behavior?

• Yes, this PR will result in a change in behavior.
• No, this PR will not result in a change in behavior.

If yes, please specify the type of change:

• Interface/UI changes: syntax, type conversion, expression evaluation, display information
• Parameter changes: default values, similar parameters but with different default values
• Policy changes: use new policy to replace old one, functionality automatically enabled
• Feature removed
• Miscellaneous: upgrade & downgrade compatibility, etc.

Checklist:

• I have added test cases for my bug fix or my new feature
• This pr needs user documentation (for new or modified features or behaviors)
  • I have added documentation for my new feature or new function
• This is a backport pr

Bugfix cherry-pick branch check:

• I have checked the version labels which the pr will be auto-backported to the target branch
  • 3.4
  • 3.3
  • 3.2
  • 3.1
  • 3.0

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate failed

Failed conditions
26.1% Duplication on New Code (required ≤ 3%)
B Reliability Rating on New Code (required ≥ A)
B Maintainability Rating on New Code (required ≥ A)

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

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