Payment method not creating on mobile

[drysherry]

Since I upgraded to 9.1.1 on January 10, the WooCommerce Stripe Gateway plugin intermittently fails to create or pass the payment_method during checkout. As a result, the plugin sends an incomplete request to the /v1/payment_methods/ endpoint, causing payment processing to fail. The issue seems generally confined to mobile devices - regardless of cellular or wifi connection - but has also occurred on desktop environments connected through mobile networks.

To Reproduce
Steps to reproduce the behavior:
Note: The issue is intermittent and difficult to reproduce consistently without WPtouch Pro enabled, but still recurs.

With WPtouch Pro ( a mobile theme plugin) enabled, I can consistently create the error. With this plugin disabled, the issue persists, but is less frequent and I have not found a way of reproducing consistently.

So, with WPtouch enabled, go to the checkout page on a WooCommerce site using the Stripe Gateway plugin.

Enter payment details and attempt to complete the transaction.

Observe that the transaction fails with the following error in the log:
"The information for creating and confirming the intent is missing the following data: payment_method."

Expected Behavior
The checkout process should consistently generate and pass the payment_method to Stripe, allowing transactions to complete without failure.

Screenshots

Here is a redacted log entry for a failed transaction: Notice that it is a blob of text, lacking the structure of a successful transaction; I'm wondering if that is a crucial clue.

Environment

WordPress Version: 6.7.1
WooCommerce Version: 9.5.2
WooCommerce Stripe Gateway Plugin Version: 9.1.1
PHP Version: 8.2.18
Browser: Occurs on mobile browsers, both Apple and Android.
Theme: TopShop Premium (Child Theme Version 1.0.0)
Other Active Plugins: WPtouch Pro, Jetpack, WP File Manager, WP Mail SMTP, WP-Optimize, and others.

Additional Context
The payment seems to always succeed if the customer chooses to use Google Pay or Apple Pay - ie the issue does not occur.
The bug is associated with mobile user agents, but it has also occurred on desktops connected via mobile hotspots (e.g., Verizon Wireless).
Disabling WPtouch initially appeared to resolve the issue, but it recurred even with WPtouch disabled.
Logs show successful transactions include a valid payment_method (e.g., pm_1QhgQMLTqgx5oFvXngShUaqI), while failed transactions attempt to access payment_methods/ without an identifier.
Stripe logs show no evidence of the failed transactions, indicating that requests with missing payment_method fail before reaching Stripe.
My useless guess: The issue may be related to frontend timing?