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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- Required meta tags -->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Online Safety</title>
<link rel="icon" href="assets/img/Favicon2024.svg" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.2.0/css/all.min.css"
integrity="sha512-xh6O/CkQoPOWDdYTDqeRdPCVd1SpvCA9XXcUnZS2FmJNp1coAFzvtCN9BmamE+4aHK8yyUHUSCcJHgXloTyT2A=="
crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->
<link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"
integrity="sha384-QWTKZyjpPEjISv5WaRU9OFeRpok6YctnYmDr5pNlyT2bRjXh0JMhjY6hW+ALEwIH" crossorigin="anonymous">
<link href="css/main.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/main.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<header class="header fixed-top d-flex align-items-center position-absolute">
<a class="skip-to-content-link" href="#skipToContent" tabindex="0">Skip to main content</a>
<div class="container-xxl d-flex align-items-center">
<div class="logo me-auto me-lg-0">
<a href="/" title="Ofcom"><img class="brand-logo" src="assets/img/logo2023_2.svg" alt="OfCom Logo"></a>
</div>
<div class="header-title">STEP 1 - UNDERSTAND THE HARMS</div>
<div class="header-title">USER TO USER SERVICE</div>
</div>
</header>
<section id="help-section" class="help position-absolute">
<div class="gray-bg">
<div class="container-xxl">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="py-3">
<div class="rich-text-block">
<div>Help us to improve this service <a href="/os-feedback-page/" title="Provide feedback">Provide
feedback.</a></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<main role="main" class="height-100">
<section class="height-100">
<div class="os-back-button">
<div class="container-xxl">
<div class="row back">
<div class="col-12">
<div id="back-button" class="py-3 back-button">
<a href="?question=185294&id=27418bef-cc0c-4668-a5ae-d71eb64b5813&type=UserToUser">< Back</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="main height-100">
<form method="post" id="questionForm" style="width:100%" class="height-100">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__FormGuid" value="14f58b6f-4aaa-4f4f-8b17-5e2ff5c95b24" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__FormHostedPage" value="185279" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__FormLanguage" value="en" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__FormSubmissionId" value="27418bef-cc0c-4668-a5ae-d71eb64b5813" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="submit" value="NextStep" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__FormCurrentStepIndex" value="0" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__stfId" value="" data-f-type="hidden">
<input type="hidden" class="Form__Element Form__SystemElement FormHidden FormHideInSummarized" name="__selectedServiceType" value="UserToUser" data-f-type="hidden">
<div class="height-100"><div class="block oschoiceelementblock height-100">
<div class="container-xxl height-100">
<div class="row height-100">
<div class="checker-container left scroll-visible checker-container-p-0">
<div class="blue-bg height-100">
<div class="checker-container-left-inner">
<div aria-invalid="false" class="Form__Element left-container pt-5 blue-bg FormChoice" data-f-element-name="__field_185304" data-f-type="choice" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2"> <div>
<span class="summary-pdf-print-class">Question 1 of 8</span>
<h1 id="skipToContent" class="mb-4">Is your service any of the following service types?</h1>
<div>
<div class="qn-type">
<div class="qn-text">
Select all that apply
</div>
</div>
<p class="ans-text"></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_0">
Social media service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_0" name="__field_185304" value="Social media service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services which connect users and enable them to build communities around common interests or connections.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_1">
Messaging service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_1" name="__field_185304" value="Messaging service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services that are typically centred around allowing users to send messages that can only be viewed or read by a specific recipient or group of people.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_2">
Gaming service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_2" name="__field_185304" value="Gaming service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services which allow users to interact within partially or fully simulated virtual environments.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_3">
Adult service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_3" name="__field_185304" value="Adult service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services which are primarily used for the dissemination of user-generated adult content, including pornography.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_4">
Discussion forum or chat room service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_4" name="__field_185304" value="Discussion forum or chat room service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services which allow users to send or post messages that can be read by the public or an open group of people.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_5">
Marketplace or listing service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_5" name="__field_185304" value="Marketplace or listing service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services which allow users to buy and sell their goods or services.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_6">
File-storage and file-sharing service
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_6" name="__field_185304" value="File-storage and file-sharing service" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
<p style="margin-left: 45px;" class="fs-12">
Services whose primary functionalities involve enabling users to store digital content and share access to that content through links.
</p>
</div>
<div>
<label class="container-input" for="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_7">
None of the above
<input type="checkbox" id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_7" name="__field_185304" value="None" class="os-checkbox-option FormChoice__Input FormChoice__Input--Checkbox">
<span class="checkmark"></span>
</label>
</div>
</div>
<button class="btn btn-secondary d-block my-3 btn-green step mt-5 disabled" type="submit" id="submitButton">
Continue <i class="fa-solid fa-arrow-right ms-2"></i>
</button>
<div>
<p><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="save-link" id="saveAndExit">Save and come back later</a> </p>
</div>
</div>
</div> </div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="checker-container right scroll-visible checker-container-p-0" tabindex="0">
<div class="checker-container-right-inner" id="right-container">
<h3 class="mb-3" id="os-rf-pb-title" style="display: none;">Risk factors and harms that relate to your services</h3>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_0_content" class="content_div hidden">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Social Media Services</h4>
<p>
Many social media services are designed to maximise engagement between users. If your service is a social media service, you should consider how potential perpetrators may exploit this design for illegal purposes. For example, potential perpetrators may exploit the likelihood of virality to share illegal content with very large groups of people. Social media services can also be used by potential perpetrators of grooming to target young users by sending out many messages. These services are also used in large-scale foreign interference campaigns to spread disinformation. Research shows that social media services can increase the risk of nearly all kinds of illegal harm, except for firearms and other weapons offences where we do not currently have evidence. This may be due to more research on social media services, or greater probability of risk due to the wide range of functionalities and features on many social media services.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Terrorism offences
</li>
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Grooming
</li>
<li>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
Encouraging or assisting suicide (or attempted suicide) offences
</li>
<li>
Harassment, stalking and abuse offences
</li>
<li>
Hate offences
</li>
<li>
Controlling or coercive behaviour offences
</li>
<li>
Drugs and psychoactive substances offences
</li>
<li>
Firearms and other weapons offences
</li>
<li>
Unlawful immigration offences
</li>
<li>
Human trafficking offences
</li>
<li>
Sexual exploitation of adults offences
</li>
<li>
Extreme pornography offences
</li>
<li>
Intimate image abuse offences
</li>
<li>
Proceeds of crime offences
</li>
<li>
Fraud and financial services offences
</li>
<li>
Foreign interference offence
</li>
<li>
Animal cruelty offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId7067" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId7067" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Terrorism offences
</strong>
<p>
A wide range of types of user-to-user services are known to be used by terrorist actors. Social media services are particularly relevant to perpetration of this harm because of their reach and popularity.
</p>
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Grooming
</strong>
<p>
Perpetrators can groom children in a multitude of different ways, and there are many different services where grooming is conducted. Social media services, gaming services and messaging services are commonly used in propagating this offence.
</p>
<strong>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
There is evidence that social media services are known high-risk spaces for CSAM sharing. This may be in part because some social media services have a large user base. Social media services can be used as directories that allow perpetrators to signpost users to other services where CSAM is shared.
</p>
<strong>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
Certain functionalities on social media services have been found to be risk factors. There is evidence of hyperlinks and plain-text URLs to CSAM being posted on social media services in a ‘scattergun’ approach that can drive up web traffic, and income for those hosting CSAM content.
</p>
<strong>
Encouraging or assisting suicide (or attempted suicide) offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services can allow potential perpetrators to disseminate suicide or self-harm content. Users can view suicide or self-harm content on these types of services, particularly through the creation of user groups on social media services.
</p>
<strong>
Harassment, stalking and abuse offences
</strong>
<p>
Research indicates that social media services are used to commit and facilitate various forms of abuse and harassment, including threats to kill and misleading information that can result in violence.
</p>
<strong>
Hate offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services and online gaming services pose a particular risk of hate offences. Users can first build a community of like-minded individuals to share provocative content on a large social media service, without breaching the service’s terms and conditions for hateful conduct. They may then direct their user networks to smaller and less-moderated services.
</p>
<strong>
Controlling or coercive behaviour offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services offer perpetrators multiple ways to monitor victims and survivors, and to pursue campaigns of targeted abuse. Controlling or coercive behaviour often happens across several social media services simultaneously.
</p>
<strong>
Drugs and psychoactive substances offences
</strong>
<p>
Based on the evidence available, social media services and messaging services appear to be the service types that are most at risk of being exploited by perpetrators buying or offering to supply drugs and other psychoactive substances.
</p>
<strong>
Firearms and other weapons offences
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Unlawful immigration offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services and messaging services are shown to be risk factors for unlawful immigration. Among other elements, they are used to target potential victims and advertise services. Often, perpetrators will identify their victim on social media before transitioning to an encrypted private messaging service to further the facilitation of the offence.
</p>
<strong>
Human trafficking offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services and messaging services are shown to be risk factors for human trafficking. Among other elements, they are used to target potential victims and advertise services. Often, perpetrators will identify their victim on social media before transitioning to an encrypted private messaging service to further the facilitation of the offence.
</p>
<strong>
Sexual exploitation of adults offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services are likely to be used by potential perpetrators to recruit victims and to advertise the services of the victims and survivors they have gained control of for sexual exploitation.
</p>
<strong>
Extreme pornography offences
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Intimate image abuse offences
</strong>
<p>
Research indicates that a number of types of services, including social media services, are used to facilitate or commit offences related to intimate image abuse. In some cases, intimate images are shared on social media services, and then re-shared to other sites.
</p>
<strong>
Proceeds of crime offences
</strong>
<p>
Our evidence shows that proceeds of crime offences committed or facilitated online rely on social media services and messaging services that have a broad user base and wide reach.
</p>
<strong>
Fraud and financial services offences
</strong>
<p>
Research indicates that fraud takes place on a number of types of services, including social media services. Different types of fraud may appear on different types of service; for example, investment fraud or ghost broking activities are more likely to occur on social media services.
</p>
<strong>
Foreign interference offence
</strong>
<p>
There is a particular risk of foreign interference offences happening on social media services, where perpetrators of the offence can create fake profiles which can be manipulated by bots.
</p>
<strong>
Animal cruelty offences
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_1_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Messaging services</h4>
<p>
Messaging services allow users to protect their privacy. If your service is a messaging service, you should consider how this design may also be used by potential perpetrators to communicate and share illegal content in a setting that is hidden from public view. This can result in more targeted behaviours and can make detection more difficult, particularly on messaging services with encryption. If you have encrypted messaging on your service, you should refer to the Risk Profile for encrypted messaging because encryption can make detection more difficult. Potential perpetrators often seek to move other users from services where they initially connected to messaging services. If you allow users to follow or subscribe to other users on your service, you should refer to the Risk Profile for user connections because potential perpetrators often seek to move other users from services where they initially connected (you should also read the risk profile on user connections) to messaging services.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Grooming
</li>
<li>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
Controlling or coercive behaviour offences
</li>
<li>
Drugs and psychoactive substances offences
</li>
<li>
Unlawful immigration offences
</li>
<li>
Human trafficking offences
</li>
<li>
Proceeds of crime offences
</li>
<li>
Fraud and financial services offences
</li>
<li>
Foreign interference offence
</li>
<li>
Animal cruelty offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId5861" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId5861" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Grooming
</strong>
<p>
Perpetrators can groom children in a multitude of different ways, and there are many different services where grooming is conducted. Social media services, gaming services and messaging services are commonly used in propagating this offence.
</p>
<strong>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
Any service can be used to distribute CSAM. Services that have the capacity to share images or videos, post text or share hyperlinks pose particular risks. Evidence indicates that messaging services, amongst others, increase the risk of CSAM offences.
</p>
<strong>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Controlling or coercive behaviour offences
</strong>
<p>
Messaging services enable perpetrators to be a constant presence in the lives of victims and survivors.
</p>
<strong>
Drugs and psychoactive substances offences
</strong>
<p>
Based on the evidence available, social media services and messaging services appear to be the service types that are most at risk of being exploited by perpetrators buying or offering to supply drugs and other psychoactive substances.
</p>
<strong>
Unlawful immigration offences
</strong>
<p>
Social media services and messaging services are shown to be risk factors for both the unlawful immigration and human trafficking offences. Among other elements, they are used to target potential victims and advertise services. Often, perpetrators will identify their victim on social media before transitioning to an encrypted private messaging service to further the facilitation of the offence.
</p>
<strong>
Human trafficking offences
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Proceeds of crime offences
</strong>
<p>
Proceeds of crime refers to money or assets gained by criminals during their criminal activity, and money laundering. Our evidence shows that proceeds of crime offences committed or facilitated online rely on social media services and messaging services that have a broad user base and wide reach.
</p>
<strong>
Fraud and financial services offences
</strong>
<p>
Our evidence points to fraud taking place on a wide range of services. This can include messaging services. Victims of fraud can be targeted through one type of service and will then potentially be moved to another service for further communications and transactions.
</p>
<strong>
Foreign interference offence
</strong>
<p>
There is evidence of foreign interference offences and influence operations occurring across many different service types using different tactics. These services include information-sharing services, discussion forums and chat rooms, and private messaging services.
</p>
<strong>
Animal cruelty offences
</strong>
<p>
DESCRIPTION MISSING
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_2_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Gaming services</h4>
<p>
If your service is a gaming service, you should consider how it may bring potential perpetrators in contact with other users and may create a space where potentially illegal behaviour is normalised. Gaming services can allow hateful content to spread and become sites of normalised harassment, where name-calling or insults are part of user interactions. Gaming services can also be created and modified by terrorist organisations as recruitment tools and be used by potential perpetrators of online grooming to approach children.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Terrorism offences
</li>
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Grooming
</li>
<li>
Hate offences
</li>
<li>
Harassment, stalking and abuse offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId3335" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId3335" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Terrorism offences
</strong>
<p>
A wide range of types of user-to-user services are known to be used by terrorist actors. Gaming services have also been used by terrorists as recruitment and training tools.
</p>
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCR MISSING
</p>
<strong>
Grooming
</strong>
<p>
Perpetrators can groom children in a multitude of different ways, and there are many different services where grooming is conducted. Social media services, gaming services and messaging services are commonly used in propagating this offence.
</p>
<strong>
Hate offences
</strong>
<p>
Different types of services can contribute to this risk factor. Social media services and online gaming services pose a particular risk of hate offences.
</p>
<strong>
Harassment, stalking and abuse offences
</strong>
<p>
Evidence indicates that users regularly experience severe abuse, including physical threats, stalking, and sustained harassment, on online gaming services.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_3_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Adult services</h4>
<p>
If your service is an adult service, you should consider how your service may be used by potential perpetrators to share illegal content that is sexual in nature. This includes intimate images, child sexual abuse material and extreme pornography.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
Extreme pornography offences
</li>
<li>
Intimate image abuse offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId3807" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId3807" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCR
</p>
<strong>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
Any service can be used to distribute CSAM. Services that have the capacity to share images or videos, post text or share hyperlinks pose particular risks. Evidence indicates that adult services, amongst others, increase the risk of CSAM offences.
</p>
<strong>
Extreme pornography offences
</strong>
<p>
Adult services that provide user-generated pornography may be at a higher risk of showing, or setting out that they offer, extreme pornographic content.
</p>
<strong>
Intimate image abuse offences
</strong>
<p>
Research indicates that intimate image abuse occurs particularly on adult services, social media services, file-storage and file-sharing services.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_4_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Discussion forums and chat rooms</h4>
<p>
If your service is a discussion forum or chat room, you should consider how your service may be used by potential perpetrators to discuss and share illegal content in a setting that is typically visible to the public. For example, our evidence shows that discussion forums and chat room services can act as spaces where suicide or serious self-harm is assisted or encouraged.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
Encouraging or assisting suicide (or attempted suicide) offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId3241" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId3241" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCR
</p>
<strong>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
Any service can be used to distribute CSAM. Services that have the capacity to share images or videos, post text or share hyperlinks pose particular risks. Evidence indicates that discussion forums and chat rooms, amongst other services, increase the risk of CSAM offences.
</p>
<strong>
URL-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
DESCR
</p>
<strong>
Encouraging or assisting suicide (or attempted suicide) offences
</strong>
<p>
Discussion forum and chat room services can act as spaces where suicide and self-harm is assisted or encouraged. They may be exploited by individuals with the intent to cause harm or distress among users who are experiencing thoughts of suicide and self-harm. This is particularly true of services that facilitate discussions among smaller groups of users. However, discussion forums and chat rooms may also be used by individuals experiencing mental health difficulties to connect with other users for support and guidance.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_5_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">Marketplace and listing services</h4>
<p>
If your service is a marketplace or listings service, you should consider how your service may be used by potential perpetrators to sell or buy illegal goods or services. They are often used in purchase scams in fraud offences and can also be used to raise funds that are used for potentially illegal purposes such as terrorist activities. The ability to make online payments on online marketplaces or listing services can increase the risk of harm.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Terrorism offences
</li>
<li>
Sexual exploitation of adults offences
</li>
<li>
Firearms and other weapons offences
</li>
<li>
Fraud and financial services offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId7547" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId7547" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Terrorism offences
</strong>
<p>
A wide range of types of user-to-user services are known to be used by terrorist actors. Marketplaces and listing services can be used to raise and collect funds.
</p>
<strong>
Sexual exploitation of adults offences
</strong>
<p>
Marketplaces and listings services are used by potential perpetrators to advertise services of the victims and survivors they have gained control of for sexual exploitation.
</p>
<strong>
Firearms and other weapons offences
</strong>
<p>
The risks of harm to individuals from these offences are wide-ranging. Supplying or offering to supply firearms and weapons may result in violent crime, with the most extreme consequence being loss of life. Our evidence points to marketplaces and listing services as the most prominent service type in the facilitation or commission of this set of priority offences.
</p>
<strong>
Fraud and financial services offences
</strong>
<p>
Our evidence points to fraud taking place on a wide range of services. This can include marketplace or listing services. Victims of fraud can be targeted through one type of service and will then potentially be moved to another service for further communications and transactions.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_6_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">File storage or file-sharing services</h4>
<p>
If your service is a file-storage or file-sharing service, you should consider how it may be used by potential perpetrators to store and share illegal content. File-sharing services, in particular those that allow users to upload and share images, are used to store child sexual abuse material that can be shared through URLs that perpetrators embed on other services. Potential perpetrators can also create folders of non-consensual intimate images on these services that can be downloaded by others.
</p>
<p class="fs-sm"> Key kinds of illegal harm </p>
<ul class="list-info">
<li>
Terrorism offences
</li>
<li>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</li>
<li>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</li>
<li>
Intimate image abuse offences
</li>
</ul>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12">
<div class="accordion mt-3">
<div class="accordion-item accordian-panel">
<div class="accordion-header" id="heading1">
<h2 class="accordion-header">
<button class="accordion-button accordion-head collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseId8145" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse1">
How the harms relate to the risk factor </button>
</h2>
</div>
<div id="collapseId8145" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#myAccordion">
<div class="card-body">
<strong>
Terrorism offences
</strong>
<p>
A wide range of types of user-to-user services are known to be used by terrorist actors. Terrorist content is often identified on file-storage and file-sharing services.
</p>
<strong>
Child sexual exploitation and abuse
</strong>
<p>
DESCR
</p>
<strong>
Image-based child sexual abuse material
</strong>
<p>
Any service can be used to distribute CSAM. Services that have the capacity to share images or videos, post text or share hyperlinks pose particular risks. File-storage and file-sharing services, in particular those that allow users to upload and share images through links, are considered particularly risky, facilitating the storage of large, curated collections of CSAM.
</p>
<strong>
Intimate image abuse offences
</strong>
<p>
Research indicates that intimate image abuse occurs particularly on adult services, social media services, and file-storage and file-sharing services.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
<div id="ec80fb67-483f-4940-88b7-0b7b3b6110d2_7_content" class="hidden content_div">
<div><div class="block riskfactorpage ">
<div class="info-box">
<h4 class="fs-sm fw-bold">No risk factors</h4>
<p>
No risk factors identified.
</p>
</div>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
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